Monday, October 28, 2013

The Linguistic Evolution of the Faithful -- اہلِ ایمان کا لسانی سفر -- التحول اللغوي لأهل الإيمان -- L’Évolution Linguistique des Fidèles


The Linguistic Evolution of the Faithful: From Persian Elegance to the Call for Arabic


The Genesis of a Lingua Franca: From Persian Courts to the Common Square

Urdu stands as the historic lingua franca of the Muslims of the Indo-Pak Subcontinent—a language whose very DNA is intertwined with the tapestry of Muslim rule in India. Born in the crucible of military camps, it emerged as a vibrant synthesis, weaving together the native threads of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish with the rich textures of regional Indian dialects.

For the greater part of Muslim history in the region, Persian reigned as the undisputed language of the court, the intellect, and the soul. It was the medium of edicts, literature, and legal contracts; to be "educated" was synonymous with a mastery of Persian literature, regardless of one’s creed. However, as the Mughal sun began to set approximately two centuries ago, Urdu gradually ascended, displacing Persian as the primary vehicle for Muslim expression.

The Political Crucible: From Unification to Fragmentation

During the tumultuous journey toward the Partition of India, Urdu was transformed into a potent symbol of Muslim nationalism. It became the rallying cry for a separate homeland and was subsequently adopted as the official language of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, despite the fact that it was not the native tongue for the majority of its new citizens.

This imposition, however, birthed a legacy of friction. As the initial fervor of pan-Muslim nationalism gave way to regional identities, the promotion of Urdu at the expense of local tongues sparked significant unrest. From the tragic language riots in Bengal to the rising demands for Sindhi, Seraiki, and Balochi recognition, Urdu’s status evolved from a national glue to a specific political identity, eventually becoming the particular rallying point for the Muhajir community.

A Cultural Critique: The Malaise of Sentimentality

Culturally, much of Urdu literature can be seen as the aesthetic culmination of a centuries-long malaise within the Indian Muslim psyche. Its verses are often steeped in a romanticized obsession with "wine and the beloved" or a melancholic longing for the vanished glories of the past. Rarely does this body of work offer a pragmatic, rigorous blueprint for the revival of a global Muslim leadership.

Even the monumental poetry of Allama Iqbal, while stirring the masses from their deep slumber, arguably provides more "instigation" than "instruction." Much of the religious literature in Urdu is further marred by an exaggerated hagiography—elevating pious figures to near-superhuman status—which can inadvertently obscure the grounded, human reality of the Prophetic model. This distance from the source language of Islam has allowed various heterodox ideologies to seep into the very fabric of the language, using Urdu as a medium to dilute the original clarity of the faith.


The Erasure of the Source: The Displacement of Arabic

The original language of Islamic scholarship in the Subcontinent, as in the rest of the Muslim world, was Arabic. It was the medium through which all religious thought was filtered before being slowly supplanted by Persian, and eventually, by Urdu.

Even within contemporary religious seminaries (madaris), Arabic has frequently been demoted from being the medium of instruction to merely being a subject of study. This shift is not merely academic; it is existential.

  • The Linguistic Barrier: The Quran is a miracle of linguistic eloquence (I'jaz); its depths cannot be fully fathomed without a profound grasp of Arabic.

  • The Loss of Spirit: Without a direct, unmediated relationship with the Quran and Sunnah, a community risks sticking to the "external shell" of religious rulings while losing the "internal spirit."

  • Nationalism vs. Sincerity: Enthusiasm for Islam based on historical or nationalistic pride is no substitute for the holistic worldview that only the source language can provide.

The Modern Erosion: Secularization and the "Hodge-Podge" Future

In the digital age, Urdu’s status as a "Muslim language" is under siege. The mainstream media regularly disseminates secular worldviews in Urdu, while the inundation of Hindi cinema and music has imported a cultural framework that often stands in direct contrast to Islamic ethics.

Furthermore, English has decisively challenged Urdu’s position as the language of social mobility and reform. With provinces like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shifting toward English-medium public education, the economic incentive to master Urdu is waning. We must face the stark possibility that Urdu is transitioning into a "dying" language—a vernacular destined to merge with Hindi and English into a common, utilitarian hodge-podge for the South Asian masses.


A Strategic Path Forward: The Return to Arabic

For Muslim families of the Subcontinent, especially those in the diaspora, the path to intellectual and spiritual survival lies in the revival of Arabic learning.

When deciding which languages to prioritize for the next generation, we should consider a strategic hierarchy:

  1. English: In a globalized world, children will inevitably master English through their environment and education.

  2. Urdu: If spoken at home, children will naturally acquire a functional understanding of Urdu without the need for intensive formal schooling.

  3. Arabic as the Anchor: To truly "imbibe" the message of Islam rather than just "inheriting" a cultural version of it, a child must be immersed in Arabic.

By prioritizing Arabic, parents provide their children with the keys to the original sources of their faith. Moreover, because Urdu utilizes a modified Arabic script and derives much of its vocabulary from it, a child who masters Arabic will find the transition to reading and writing Urdu significantly easier.

The goal is to move beyond "cultural Islam" toward an authentic, source-based understanding. By engaging with the language of the Quran, we ensure that our love for the faith is not just a sentimental attachment to the past, but a sincere, intellectually grounded commitment to the future.




اہلِ ایمان کا لسانی سفر: فارسی کی نزاکت سے عربی کی پکار تک


لسانی اشتراک کا آغاز: شاہی درباروں سے عوامی چوراہوں تک

اردو برصغیر پاک و ہند کے مسلمانوں کی تاریخی 'رابطہ کی زبان' (Lingua Franca) کے طور پر جانی جاتی ہے—ایک ایسی زبان جس کا خمیر ہندوستان میں مسلم دورِ حکومت کے تانے بانے سے گوندھا گیا ہے۔ لشکروں اور چھاؤنیوں کے سنگم سے جنم لینے والی یہ زبان ایک متحرک آمیزے کے طور پر ابھری، جس نے عربی، فارسی اور ترکی کے الفاظ کو ہندوستانی علاقائی زبانوں کے بھرپور رنگوں کے ساتھ یکجا کر دیا۔

خطے میں مسلم دورِ حکومت کے طویل عرصے تک فارسی کو شاہی دربار، علم و دانش اور روح کی زبان کے طور پر بلا شرکتِ غیرے برتری حاصل رہی۔ یہی زبان شاہی فرامین، ادب اور قانونی معاہدوں کا ذریعہ تھی؛ اس دور میں 'تعلیم یافتہ' ہونے کا مطلب فارسی ادب پر دسترس سمجھا جاتا تھا، خواہ اس شخص کا مذہب کچھ بھی ہو۔ تاہم، جیسے جیسے مغلوں کا سورج غروب ہونے لگا، تقریباً دو صدیاں قبل اردو نے آہستہ آہستہ فارسی کی جگہ لینا شروع کر دی اور مسلم اظہارِ خیال کا بنیادی ذریعہ بن گئی۔

سیاست کا کڑا وقت: اتحاد سے انتشار تک

برصغیر کی تقسیم کے پُرآشوب دور میں، اردو کو مسلم قومیت کی ایک طاقتور علامت میں بدل دیا گیا۔ یہ ایک علیحدہ وطن کے مطالبے کے لیے اتحاد کی بنیاد بنی اور قیامِ پاکستان کے بعد اسے اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان کی سرکاری زبان کے طور پر اپنا لیا گیا، حالانکہ اس وقت شہریوں کی اکثریت کی مادری زبان اردو نہیں تھی۔

تاہم، اس فیصلے نے کئی تنازعات کو بھی جنم دیا۔ جیسے ہی ابتدائی ہمہ گیر مسلم قومیت کا جوش مدھم پڑا اور علاقائی شناختیں ابھریں، دیگر زبانوں کی قیمت پر اردو کی ترویج نے بے چینی پیدا کی۔ بنگال کے لسانی فسادات سے لے کر سندھی، سرائیکی اور بلوچی زبانوں کے حقوق کے مطالبات تک، اردو کی حیثیت ایک قومی اتحاد کے عنصر سے بدل کر ایک مخصوص سیاسی شناخت میں ڈھل گئی، اور بالآخر یہ مہاجر کمیونٹی کا سیاسی مرکزِ ثقل بن گئی۔

ایک ثقافتی جائزہ: جذباتی اضمحلال کا نوحہ

ثقافتی نقطہ نظر سے دیکھا جائے تو اردو ادب کا بڑا حصہ ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کے نفسیاتی جمود اور صدیوں پرانے فکری اضمحلال کا عکاس ہے۔ اس کی شاعری اور نثر اکثر 'جام و مینا' کے رومانوی خبط یا رفتہ عظمتوں کے ماتم سے عبارت ہے۔ اس پورے ذخیرے میں شاذ و نادر ہی کوئی ایسی عملی اور ٹھوس تجویز ملتی ہے جو عالمی سطح پر مسلمانوں کی قیادت کی بحالی کا راستہ دکھا سکے۔

حتیٰ کہ علامہ اقبال کی عظیم الشان شاعری بھی، جو امت کو صدیوں کی نیند سے بیدار تو کرتی ہے، مگر ماہرین کے نزدیک وہ 'تحریک' زیادہ پیدا کرتی ہے اور 'لائحہ عمل' (جو مذہب پر مبنی اور جامع ہو) کم پیش کرتی ہے۔ مزید برآں، اردو کا مذہبی لٹریچر بھی اکثر حد سے بڑھی ہوئی عقیدت پسندی کا شکار رہا ہے، جہاں بزرگوں کی ایسی مبالغہ آمیز قصیدہ گوئی کی گئی جو انہیں انسانی حدود سے بالاتر کر دیتی ہے۔ اسلام کی اصل زبان (عربی) سے دوری نے کئی منحرف نظریات کو اردو کے لبادے میں پنپنے کا موقع دیا، اور اس زبان کو ان نظریات کی ترویج کے لیے استعمال کیا گیا۔


اصل منبع کا مٹاؤ: عربی کی بے دخلی

برصغیر میں اسلامی علوم کی اصل زبان، دنیا کے دیگر حصوں کی طرح، عربی ہی تھی۔ تمام تر مذہبی فکر اسی زبان کے ذریعے منتقل ہوتی تھی، جسے پہلے فارسی اور پھر اردو نے بے دخل کر دیا۔

آج کے مذہبی مدارس میں بھی عربی کو ذریعہِ تعلیم (Medium of Instruction) کے بجائے محض ایک 'مضمون' (Subject) کے طور پر پڑھایا جاتا ہے۔ یہ تبدیلی محض تعلیمی نہیں بلکہ وجودی ہے:

  • لسانی رکاوٹ: قرآنِ کریم فصاحت و بلاغت کا ایک معجزہ (اعجاز) ہے؛ اس کی گہرائیوں کو عربی زبان پر مکمل دسترس کے بغیر نہیں سمجھا جا سکتا۔

  • روح کا زیاں: قرآن و سنت سے براہِ راست تعلق کے بغیر کوئی بھی معاشرہ مذہب کے بیرونی خول (ظاہری احکامات) میں تو الجھا رہ سکتا ہے، مگر اس کی حقیقی روح سے محروم ہو جاتا ہے۔

  • قوم پرستی بمقابلہ اخلاص: تاریخی یا قوم پرستانہ فخر پر مبنی اسلامی جوش و خروش کبھی بھی اس جامع وژن کا متبادل نہیں ہو سکتا جو صرف اصل منبع کی زبان سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

جدید دور کا کٹاؤ: لادینیت اور 'ملغوبہ' مستقبل

ڈیجیٹل دور میں 'مسلم زبان' کے طور پر اردو کی حیثیت کو شدید خطرات لاحق ہیں۔ میڈیا باقاعدگی سے اردو میں لادین (سیکولر) نظریات نشر کر رہا ہے، جبکہ ہندی فلموں اور گانوں کے سیلاب نے ایک ایسا ثقافتی ڈھانچہ درآمد کر دیا ہے جو اسلامی اخلاقیات کے بالکل برعکس ہے۔

دوسری طرف، انگریزی نے سماجی ترقی اور اصلاح کی زبان کے طور پر اردو کے مقام کو چیلنج کر دیا ہے۔ خیبر پختونخوا جیسے صوبوں میں سرکاری اسکولوں کا ذریعہِ تعلیم انگریزی میں تبدیل کرنا اس بات کی علامت ہے کہ اردو کی معاشی اہمیت ختم ہو رہی ہے۔ ہمیں اس تلخ حقیقت کا سامنا کرنا ہوگا کہ اردو ایک ایسی زبان بنتی جا رہی ہے جو مستقبل میں ہندی اور انگریزی کے ساتھ مل کر جنوبی ایشیا کے عوام کے لیے محض ایک 'کھچڑی زبان' یا ملغوبہ بن کر رہ جائے گی۔


مستقبل کا تزویراتی راستہ: عربی کی طرف واپسی

برصغیر کے مسلمان خاندانوں، بالخصوص دیارِ غیر میں رہنے والوں کے لیے فکری اور روحانی بقا کا واحد راستہ عربی زبان کا احیاء ہے۔

آنے والی نسلوں کے لیے زبانوں کے انتخاب میں ہمیں درج ذیل ترجیحات کو سامنے رکھنا ہوگا:

  1. انگریزی: آج کی عالمگیریت میں بچے اپنے ماحول اور تعلیمی ضرورت کے تحت انگریزی تو سیکھ ہی لیں گے۔

  2. اردو: اگر گھر میں اردو بولی جائے تو بچے اسے بغیر کسی خاص کوشش کے سمجھنا اور بولنا سیکھ جائیں گے۔

  3. عربی بطور لنگر (Anchor): اسلام کے پیغام کو محض وراثت میں پانے کے بجائے اسے روح میں اتارنے کے لیے بچے کا عربی زبان میں غوطہ زن ہونا ناگزیر ہے۔

عربی کو اولیت دے کر والدین اپنے بچوں کو ان کے دین کے اصل ذرائع کی چابی فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ چونکہ اردو کا رسم الخط اور ذخیرہِ الفاظ عربی سے بہت قریب ہے، اس لیے عربی سیکھنے والے بچے کے لیے اردو پڑھنا اور لکھنا نہایت آسان ہو جائے گا۔

ہمارا مقصد 'ثقافتی اسلام' سے نکل کر حقیقی اور مستند فہمِ دین کی طرف قدم بڑھانا ہے۔ قرآن کی زبان سے جڑ کر ہی ہم اس بات کو یقینی بنا سکتے ہیں کہ ہماری اپنے دین سے محبت محض ماضی کی ایک جذباتی وابستگی نہیں، بلکہ مستقبل کے لیے ایک مخلصانہ اور فکری عزم ہے۔



التحول اللغوي لأهل الإيمان: من أناقة الفارسية إلى نداء العربية


نشأة اللغة المشتركة: من البلاط الفارسي إلى الساحات العامة

تُعد اللغة الأردية تاريخياً هي "اللغة المشتركة" (Lingua Franca) لمسلمي شبه القارة الهندية والباكستانية؛ وهي لغة يتشابك حمضها النووي مع نسيج الحكم الإسلامي في الهند. ولدت هذه اللغة في بوتقة المعسكرات والجيوش، وبرزت كتركيب حيوي صهر خيوط العربية والفارسية والتركية مع الأنسجة الغنية للغات الهندية الإقليمية.

خلال الجزء الأكبر من التاريخ الإسلامي في المنطقة، سادت اللغة الفارسية كملكة غير متوجة في البلاط الملكي ومحافل الفكر والروح. كانت هي الوسيلة للمراسيم الرسمية والأدب والعقود القانونية؛ وكان مصطلح "متعلم" مرادفاً لإتقان الأدب الفارسي بغض النظر عن عقيدة المرء. ومع ذلك، ومع بداية أفول شمس المغول قبل قرنين من الزمان تقريباً، صعدت الأردية تدريجياً لتحل محل الفارسية كوعاء أساسي للتعبير عن المسلمين.

المحك السياسي: من الوحدة إلى التجزئة

خلال الرحلة المضطربة نحو تقسيم الهند، تحولت الأردية إلى رمز قوي للقومية الإسلامية. أصبحت صرخة مدوية للمطالبة بوطن منفصل، وتم تبنيها لاحقاً كلغة رسمية لـ جمهورية باكستان الإسلامية، على الرغم من حقيقة أنها لم تكن اللغة الأم لغالبية مواطنيها الجدد.

إلا أن هذا الفرض ولد إرثاً من الاحتكاك؛ فبمجرد أن خفت حدة الحماس الأولي للقومية الإسلامية الشاملة أمام الهويات الإقليمية، أثار تعزيز الأردية على حساب اللغات المحلية اضطرابات كبيرة. وبدءاً من "اضطرابات اللغة" المأساوية في البنغال وصولاً إلى المطالب المتزايدة للاعتراف باللغات السندية والسرائيكية والبلوشية، تطور وضع الأردية من كونها "غراءً وطنياً" إلى هوية سياسية محددة، لتصبح في نهاية المطاف نقطة تجمع لمجتمع المهاجرين.

نقد ثقافي: توعك العاطفة

من الناحية الثقافية، يمكن النظر إلى قدر كبير من الأدب الأردي على أنه الذروة الجمالية لتوعك استمر قروناً داخل النفسية المسلمة في الهند. فغالباً ما تنغمس أبياته في هوس رومانسي بـ "الخمر والمحبوب" أو حنين كئيب لأمجاد الماضي الزائلة. ونادراً ما يقدم هذا النتاج الأدبي مخططاً عملياً وصارماً لإحياء القيادة الإسلامية العالمية.

وحتى أشعار علامة إقبال العظيمة، رغم أنها أيقظت الجماهير من سبات عميق، إلا أنها قدمت "تحريضاً" و"استنهاضاً" أكثر مما قدمت "إرشاداً" منهجياً. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، اتسم الكثير من الأدب الديني بالأردية بإفراط في التقديس، متجاوزاً الحدود من خلال الثناء المبالغ فيه على الصالحين، ورفع مكانتهم إلى مستويات غير بشرية. هذا البعد عن لغة المصدر (العربية) سمح للأيديولوجيات المنحرفة بالتسلل إلى نسيج اللغة، واستخدام الأردية كوسط لتمييع الوضوح الأصلي للعقيدة.


محو المصدر: إزاحة اللغة العربية

كانت لغة العلوم الإسلامية الأصلية في شبه القارة، كما هو الحال في بقية العالم الإسلامي، هي اللغة العربية. كانت هي الوسيلة التي يتم من خلالها تنقيح وتدريس الفكر الديني قبل أن تُستبدل ببطء بالفارسية، ثم بالأردية لاحقاً.

وحتى داخل المعاهد الدينية المعاصرة، غالباً ما تم إنزال مرتبة اللغة العربية من كونها "لغة التدريس" إلى مجرد "مادة دراسية". وهذا التحول ليس أكاديمياً فحسب، بل هو تحول وجودي:

  • الحاجز اللغوي: القرآن معجزة في بلاغته اللغوية (إعجاز)؛ ولا يمكن سبر أغواره دون تمكن عميق من العربية.

  • فقدان الروح: بدون علاقة مباشرة غير وسيطة مع القرآن والسنة، تخاطر الأمة بالتمسك بـ "القشرة الخارجية" للأحكام الفقهية مع فقدان "الروح الداخلية".

  • القومية مقابل الإخلاص: إن الحماس للإسلام القائم على الفخر التاريخي أو القومي ليس بديلاً عن الرؤية الشاملة للعالم التي لا يمكن أن يوفرها إلا لغة المصدر.

التآكل الحديث: العلمنة ومستقبل "الخليط المشوه"

في العصر الرقمي، يتعرض وضع الأردية كـ "لغة للمسلمين" لتهديد شديد. تبث وسائل الإعلام الرئيسية بانتظام رؤى علمانية باللغة الأردية، بينما أدى تدفق الأفلام والموسيقى الهندية إلى استيراد إطار ثقافي يقف غالباً في تضاد مباشر مع الأخلاق الإسلامية.

علاوة على ذلك، تحدت اللغة الإنجليزية بوضوح مكانة الأردية كلغة للحراك الاجتماعي والإصلاح. ومع تحول أقاليم مثل "خيبر بختونخوا" نحو التعليم العام باللغة الإنجليزية، تلاشت الحوافز الاقتصادية لإتقان الأردية. يجب أن نواجه الحقيقة الصارخة بأن الأردية في طريقها لتصبح لغة "تتلاشى"—وهي عامية مقدر لها أن تندمج مع الهندية والإنجليزية لتصبح "خليطاً مشوهاً" (Hodge-Podge) نفعياً لعامة الناس في جنوب آسيا.


مسار استراتيجي للمستقبل: العودة إلى العربية

بالنسبة للعائلات المسلمة في شبه القارة، وخاصة أولئك الذين يعيشون في الشتات، فإن الطريق إلى البقاء الفكري والروحي يكمن في إحياء تعلم اللغة العربية.

عند تحديد اللغات التي يجب إعطاؤها الأولوية للجيل القادم، ينبغي النظر في تسلسل هرمي استراتيجي:

  1. الإنجليزية: في عالم تسوده العولمة، سيتقن الأطفال الإنجليزية حتماً من خلال بيئتهم وتعليمهم.

  2. الأردية: إذا تم التحدث بها في المنزل، فسوف يكتسب الأطفال بشكل طبيعي فهماً وظيفياً لها دون الحاجة إلى دراسة رسمية مكثفة.

  3. العربية كمرساة: لكي "يتشرب" الطفل رسالة الإسلام حقاً بدلاً من مجرد "وراثة" نسخة ثقافية منها، يجب أن ينغمس في اللغة العربية.

من خلال إعطاء الأولوية للعربية، يمنح الآباء أطفالهم مفاتيح المصادر الأصلية لعقيدتهم. وبما أن الأردية تستخدم رسم الخط العربي المشتق وتستمد الكثير من مفرداتها منه، فإن الطفل الذي يتقن العربية سيجد الانتقال إلى قراءة وكتابة الأردية أسهل بكثير.

الهدف هو تجاوز "الإسلام الثقافي" نحو فهم أصيل قائم على المصادر. ومن خلال الارتباط بلغة القرآن، نضمن أن حبنا للدين ليس مجرد تعلق عاطفي بالماضي، بل هو التزام صادق وراسخ فكرياً بالمستقبل.



L’Évolution Linguistique des Fidèles : De l’Élégance Persane à l’Appel de l’Arabe


La Genèse d’une Lingua Franca : Des Cours Persanes aux Places Publiques

L’ourdou demeure la « lingua franca » historique des musulmans du sous-continent indo-pakistanais — une langue dont l’ADN même est entrelacé dans la tapisserie du règne musulman en Inde. Née dans le creuset des camps militaires, elle est apparue comme une synthèse vibrante, tissant ensemble les fils de l’arabe, du persan et du turc avec les riches textures des dialectes indiens régionaux.

Pendant la majeure partie de l’histoire musulmane dans la région, le persan a régné sans partage comme langue de la cour, de l’intellect et de l’âme. C’était le support des édits, de la littérature et des contrats légaux ; être « instruit » était synonyme d’une maîtrise de la littérature persane, indépendamment de la confession de chacun. Cependant, alors que le soleil moghol commençait à décliner il y a environ deux siècles, l’ourdou a progressivement pris son essor, supplantant le persan comme principal véhicule de l’expression musulmane.

Le Creuset Politique : De l’Unification à la Fragmentation

Au cours du voyage tumultueux vers la Partition de l'Inde, l’ourdou s’est transformé en un puissant symbole du nationalisme musulman. Il est devenu le cri de ralliement pour une patrie distincte et a ensuite été adopté comme langue officielle de la République islamique du Pakistan, malgré le fait qu’il n'était pas la langue maternelle de la majorité de ses nouveaux citoyens.

Cette imposition a toutefois engendré un héritage de frictions. Dès que la ferveur initiale du nationalisme pan-musulman a cédé la place aux identités régionales, la promotion de l’ourdou au détriment des langues locales a déclenché d'importants troubles. Des tragiques émeutes linguistiques au Bengale aux revendications croissantes pour la reconnaissance du sindhi, du seraiki et du baloutche, le statut de l’ourdou a évolué : de « ciment national », il est devenu une identité politique spécifique, finissant par être le point de ralliement de la communauté Muhajir.

Critique Culturelle : Le Malaise de la Sentimentalité

Sur le plan culturel, une grande partie de la littérature ourdoue peut être perçue comme l’aboutissement esthétique d’un malaise séculaire au sein du psychisme musulman indien. Ses vers sont souvent imprégnés d’une obsession romantique pour « le vin et l’être aimé » ou d’une nostalgie mélancolique pour les gloires disparues du passé. Rarement cet ensemble d'œuvres n'offre de plan pragmatique et rigoureux pour le renouveau d’un leadership musulman mondial.

Même la poésie monumentale d’Allama Iqbal, bien qu’elle ait tiré les masses de leur profond sommeil, fournit sans doute plus une « incitation » qu’une « instruction » méthodique. De plus, une grande partie de la littérature religieuse en ourdou est marquée par un excès de piété — une hagiographie exagérée élevant les figures pieuses à des statuts quasi surhumains — ce qui peut involontairement occulter la réalité humaine et ancrée du modèle prophétique. Cette distance par rapport à la langue source de l'Islam a permis à diverses idéologies hétérodoxes de s'infiltrer dans le tissu même de la langue, utilisant l'ourdou comme un média pour diluer la clarté originelle de la foi.


L’Effacement de la Source : L’Éviction de l’Arabe

La langue originelle de l’érudition islamique dans le sous-continent, comme dans le reste du monde musulman, était l’arabe. C’était le média par lequel toute pensée religieuse était filtrée avant d’être lentement supplantée par le persan, puis par l’ourdou.

Même au sein des séminaires religieux contemporains (madaris), l’arabe a fréquemment été rétrogradé : de « langue d’enseignement », il est devenu un simple « sujet d’étude ». Ce changement n’est pas seulement académique ; il est existentiel :

  • La barrière linguistique : Le Coran est un miracle d’éloquence linguistique ($I'jaz$) ; ses profondeurs ne peuvent être pleinement sondées sans une maîtrise profonde de l’arabe.

  • La perte de l’esprit : Sans une relation directe et sans intermédiaire avec le Coran et la Sunna, une communauté risque de s'en tenir à « l’enveloppe extérieure » des règles juridiques tout en perdant « l’esprit interne ».

  • Nationalisme vs Sincérité : L’enthousiasme pour l’Islam fondé sur la fierté historique ou nationaliste ne peut remplacer la vision holistique du monde que seule la langue source peut offrir.

L’Érosion Moderne : Sécularisation et Futur Hétéroclite

À l’ère du numérique, le statut de l’ourdou en tant que « langue musulmane » est assiégé. Les médias grand public diffusent régulièrement des visions laïques du monde en ourdou, tandis que l’inondation par le cinéma et la musique hindi a importé un cadre culturel qui contraste souvent directement avec l’éthique islamique.

Par ailleurs, l’anglais a résolument contesté la position de l’ourdou en tant que langue de mobilité sociale et de réforme. Avec des provinces comme le Khyber Pakhtunkhwa qui s’orientent vers un enseignement public en anglais, l’incitation économique à maîtriser l’ourdou s’estompe. Nous devons faire face à la dure réalité : l’ourdou est en train de devenir une langue « mourante » — un vernaculaire destiné à fusionner avec l'hindi et l’anglais pour devenir un mélange hétéroclite (hodge-podge) utilitaire pour les masses d’Asie du Sud.


Une Voie Stratégique pour l’Avenir : Le Retour à l’Arabe

Pour les familles musulmanes du sous-continent, en particulier celles de la diaspora, la voie de la survie intellectuelle et spirituelle passe par le renouveau de l’apprentissage de l’arabe.

Lors du choix des langues à privilégier pour la génération future, il convient d'envisager une hiérarchie stratégique :

  1. L’Anglais : Dans un monde globalisé, les enfants maîtriseront inévitablement l’anglais via leur environnement et leur éducation.

  2. L’Ourdou : S’il est parlé à la maison, les enfants acquerront naturellement une compréhension fonctionnelle de l’ourdou sans effort scolaire intensif.

  3. L’Arabe comme Ancre : Pour qu’un enfant puisse réellement « s'imprégner » du message de l’Islam plutôt que d’en « hériter » une version culturelle, il doit être immergé dans l’arabe.

En accordant la priorité à l’arabe, les parents offrent à leurs enfants les clés des sources originales de leur foi. De plus, comme l’ourdou utilise un alphabet arabe modifié et puise une grande partie de son vocabulaire dans cette langue, un enfant maîtrisant l’arabe trouvera la transition vers la lecture et l’écriture de l’ourdou considérablement plus aisée.

L’objectif est de dépasser « l’Islam culturel » pour atteindre une compréhension authentique fondée sur les sources. En nous liant à la langue du Coran, nous garantissons que notre amour pour la foi n’est pas seulement un attachement sentimental au passé, mais un engagement futur sincère et intellectuellement fondé.


Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Writing About the Writings

Formal writing is a specific form of expression that developed over centuries. Islam ushered in the era of written scholarship, where writing changed from being a privilege of a selected few to the right of the Muslim masses. The Quran eulogizes writing: "Noon. I swear by the Pen and by that which they write" (Qalam V.1). Although the Prophet (SWAS) himself could not read or write, he made it incumbent upon both male and female Muslims to learn. Soon Arabic became the language of global scholarship. Almost every masjid had its adjoining kuttab or madrasah. The Abbasids translated ancient Greek, Persian and Indian manuscripts to Arabic; followed by a period of synthesis and new developments in all subjects of inquiry. The work done at that time, became the basis of the European Renaissance and establishment of modern scholarship as we know it. Writing has become the premiere choice of scholarly engagement in the last couple of centuries.

Writing became the means of exchanging and preserving ideas. In fact, the most important idea for mankind, i.e. its purpose and mission in life, was written down by scribes as revealed to successive Messengers of Allah (SWT) - the last being preserved by Allah (SWT) Himself forever.

As compared to speaking, writing is more of an asynchronous process. One can think about an idea, ponder over about its nuances of meaning and constantly refine it until it comes out just right. This cannot be easily done with synchronous speech. Preferring script to speech means that the writer can think more about the impact of his words and their consequences, something that may save him a lot of embarrassment. The best aspect of writing I personally find helpful is that I can take a position, build up my case, present the evidence and conclusion, without being interrupted by anyone.

The best writing is that which emanates from true faith by studying the original sources of knowledge, i.e. from the Knower of all, Al Aleem. Thus a study of the Quran and Hadith, their understanding in the context of our lives and times brings out gems of insights which are worthy of sharing with others. In fact, sharing them makes one more conscious of their veracity and inspires oneself to right conduct. Come to think of it, it fulfills a duty every conscientious Muslim is obligated to undertake and will be asked about on the Last Day.

My writing also enabled me to fulfill many of my social obligations that I had long neglected. These days there are many alternatives to formal written narratives like calling or texting on a phone, chatting, video conferencing, etc. Living on a shoe-string budget in the United States, I always preferred writing letter to making long distance calls to my family (email did not exist for the public back then). That phase of my life was followed by another three years where I had minimum contact with family and friends except through emails and letters. I lived in a new country, without telephone, cell phone, etc. My days and night were spent reading, researching and writing which I did quite a lot while teaching in a university and surviving on my own.

I came out of my isolation through the written word. At first, I expressed my views through individual replies to emails to friends and family. This was followed by a desire to address them collectively on pertinent common topics. Often the articles were followed by written exchanges by my audiences which allowed be to further refine them. I looked up everyone I could and added them to my distribution list. Thus writing allowed me to re-establish ties with my extended family and friends who are scattered over the world. Some of my early emails were published without my permission in a Pakistani Canadian publication after which I decided to post almost everything on a dedicated blog.

I am now attempting to select, arrange, re-edit/re-format a subset of those write-ups in a form of a book for wider distribution.


Through Allah's (SWT) tawfeeq, the circumstances to write these articles were created by the efforts of my teachers who gave me genuine ilm and under whom I am still learning; Umm Abdullah who provided me time and opportunity to write them with full concentration. I pray that this work is a form of sadaqajaria for them, my parents and everyone else who provided feedback and helped to spread it to others. Ameen.

Monday, October 14, 2013

Reaping the Rewards of Ramadan

Ramadan is the annual discount days that we get for stocking up hasanaat for our aakhirah. The rate is exceedingly profitable, so it is important to consider how best to use this opportunity for everyone in the family, especially the head of the household.

Like all limited time offers, proper time management is key. A daily schedule helps in keeping focus on what is important. Wasting valuable time by sleeping away the hours should be curtailed – rather sleep should be kept to the minimum. Watching TV should be limited to only those broadcasts that are truly beneficial, like live taraweeh broadcasts from the Haramain. Similarly, all Eid shopping should be out of the way in the beginning of Ramadan, so that the last ten days can be best utilized for worship.

Time should be reserved for personal and collective worship, throughout the day. This includes the daily adhkar, Quran recitation, qiyaam, congregational prayers, taraweeh, etc. The men of the family should encourage others to participate in worship and take them with them for collective worship. Even if young ones do not participate fully, just being in the masjid, while seeing worshippers pray together in the special Ramadan atmosphere leaves a lasting impact on their young hearts and minds.

Learning is another beneficial activity of that one should establish both at a personal as well as a family level. Personally, one can use Ramadan to memorize a portion of the Quran, or understand its meaning, or daily study some ahadith, The family can also learn together. Last Ramadan while walking to and from the masjid my son who was 6 then, memorized some surahs of Juz Amma, just by repeating after me. Older kids can be asked to research the background to these surahs and report back to the family when the family is together, e.g. while driving, sharing meals, etc. The younger ones can be asked to draw and color whatever they have heard.

Ramadan is also a time for sharing whether it be sharing food, clothes, wealth, knowledge, etc. Some may disagree, but I have found that rather than arrange and iftaar parties throughout the month for the rich, where people participate in food orgies and end up missing taraweeh prayers, it is better to supply food to less privileged members of society, e.g. the needy, students, bachelors, orphans, travelers, etc. Taking your kids with you for daily rounds of food distribution engenders a love of giving and an appreciation of the blessings they have in their lives. Projects can also be developed through zakat money which many Muslims choose to pay during this blessed month.

To free up time for all the above activities, it is important to keep food shopping, preparation, presentation and consumption to a minimum. A simple meal can suffice daily for futoor as well as suhoor. Husbands can help by doing groceries quickly using a shopping list at a less crowded time of the day and not picking faults in food presented to them.

Sons, husbands and fathers play a big role is helping to maximize the benefits of Ramadan for themselves and their families. A family which is properly led to utilize Ramadan time for worship, learning and charity can hope to achieve the real spiritual goals of this month.

Characteristics of a Believing Wife

The Prophet (SWAS) has been reported to have said: "A woman is normally sought as a wife for her wealth, beauty, nobility, or religiousness, but choose a religious woman and you will prosper. " (Muslim)

Some well intentioned Muslims try to heed to this Prophetic advice in choosing a spouse and make religion the principal criteria for their selection. Soon they face problems defining religiousness or those main religious characteristics that are of greatest benefit with respect to a potential wife. Does wearing a hijab and praying regularly qualifies a Muslima in satisfy this criteria? Certainly it is an indication, but sometimes appearances are deceptive and so some deeper characteristics should be considered before making this important decision.

The foremost of these is having the right belief or aqeeda, for someone's system of belief might be different from someone else's. If one spent one's entire life in doing good works, but one's belief system is corrupted they may not gain any reward for it in the aakhirah. In terms of marriage, belief forms the basis of a worldview a person acquires, so two people having different beliefs can not easily agree on common understanding because their perspectives are different. Spouses are like a pair of eyes in a head; each has separate vision, but when they focus on common vistas they provide a depth in perception that is not possible by either one of them alone. Thus having different color eye glasses on each eye, results only in confusion. This poses more difficulties for children who are often left perplexed about how they see reality. Even among Muslims, different sects have different aqeeda, so care must be taken in choosing a mate whose belief one concurs with.

The next important characteristic may be quite difficult to ascertain. It is sincerity to Allah (SWT) which is a very private matter as it has to do with intention of a Muslim. When a wife does everything primarily for Allah's (SWT) sake, one can be sure that Islam is not just on her lips but has entered her heart. That is the essence of religion. So when she does something good to him or his relatives it is primarily to seek reward from Allah (SWT). It will make no difference to her if she is appreciated for her good deeds or not as she knows that Allah (SWT) appreciates her. Many misunderstandings and complaints, typical in marriages, can be neutralized by this great characteristic alone.

Love of the Prophet (SWAS) and his Sunnah should be another important consideration for marriage. The Sunnah provides Muslims with exemplary patterns of lifestyle which provide the context to live the most natural way that Allah (SWT) intended us to live. A wife who takes the Prophet (SWAS) as the best role model for herself will try to constantly try to improve her character according to his. She will cultivate good characteristics like patience, thankfulness, humility, devotion, truthfulness, modesty, sincerity, dependability, etc. Such characteristics are indispensable in a good believing wife. The life of someone who follows the Sunnah is characterized by perfect balance. They fulfill the rights of Allah (SWT) as well as those around them. A wife who loves the Prophet (SWAS) will follow the caring way he dealt with people. Wives play a big role in social interactions of families and friends, so a genuinely concerned and caring wife will be a source of good dawah and reform. She will constantly think about the welfare of others, in both their religious and mundane matters. She will help keep good ties of kinship. Certainly she will not forget the responsibilities she owes to her own children whose characters she is most likely to influence in life.

After the love of Allah (SWT) and the love of the Prophet (SWAS), should come the love of learning. A wife who is committed to a lifetime of learning will always look for ways to keep improving herself, both in deen and dunya matters. She will be eager in each stage of her life to learn the required knowledge to carry out her responsibilities in the best of manners. With the correct aqeeda she will always try to build up her inner vision by placing what she learns in the correct framework of belief. This will allow her to ultimately develop insights about the nature of things. This hikma (wisdom) and firasa (intuition) are rare and valuable qualities to have in a wife. Indeed the Prophet (SWAS) has been reported to have said: "…Whoever follows a path in pursuit of knowledge, Allah will make easy for him a path to Paradise..." (bn Majah). She is also more likely to pass on this love of learning to her children

A wife can have all the above qualities, yet if she is not obedient then the family unit is prone to tear apart. Obedience should foremost be to the commands of Allah (SWT), to the Prophet (SWAS) and then to the husband. It is the nature of human societies that they need a responsible person in any situation who looks after the interests of the whole group. In a family that responsibility lies with the husband, who should seek to acquire all the above characteristics himself before demanding them in his potential spouse. There can not be two people in the family competing to lead. If the wife does not obey the husband, chaos ensues. At a macro level this leads to disruption in society, as the family unit is the basis of any healthy society.

For a successful Islamic marriage, both the husband and the wife should be committed to constantly improve themselves and acquire good characteristics that are deeper than just the apparent symbols of religion. If a wife has the right aqeeda, is sincere to Allah (SWT), loves and practices the Sunnah, is committed to learning and is obedient to the husband, then there is very little else that a wise practicing Muslim should consider.

Saturday, October 12, 2013

Digging Down into the Depths of the Deen

Have you ever considered a deep rooted tree? No matter what the elements throw at it, it holds its ground. In the winter it shrivels and becomes leafless, but come spring, the deep roots it has are enough to help revive it so that it flourishes and gives fruit and shade. The Prophet (SWAS) uses the similitude of such a tree to describe true believers.

Ibn Umar reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) one day said to his Companions: Tell me about a tree which has resemblance with a believer. The people began to mention (different) trees of the forest. Ibn 'Umar said: It was instilled in my mind or in my heart and it stuck therein that it implied the date- palm tree. I made up my mind to make a mention of that but could not do that because of the presence of the elderly people there. When there was a hush amongst them (after they had expressed their views), Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: It Is the date-palm tree. (Sahih Muslim)

What distinguishes a believer from a disbeliever is that his worldview is formed based on the Truth and Reality, whereas that of a disbeliever's perspective is distorted and based on delusions and doubts. Allah (SWT) contrasts them in the following verses

Have you not considered how Allah presents an example, [making] a good word like a good tree, whose root is firmly fixed and its branches [high] in the sky? It produces its fruit all the time, by permission of its Lord. And Allah presents examples for the people that perhaps they will be reminded. And the example of a bad word is like a bad tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth, not having any stability. Allah keeps firm those who believe, with the firm word, in worldly life and in the Hereafter. And Allah sends astray the wrongdoers. And Allah does what He wills. (Ibrahim 14:24-27)

It is the Sunnah of Allah (SWT) that he tests humanity time and again. Just like a tree suffers from the elements, man also undergoes punishment and trials from Allah (SWT).

Alif-Lam-Mim. Do people think that they will be left alone because they say: 'We have faith', and will not be tested? And We indeed tested those who were before them. And Allah will certainly make known, those who are true, and will certainly make known those who are liars. (29:1-3)

Scholars say when someone undergoes bad times he can judge whether it is a punishment from Allah (SWT) or a test from Him (SWT) by studying his reaction to the ill he undergoes. If his problems cause him to become rebellious and his devotions to Allah (SWT) decrease, know that it is a punishment. If he becomes repentant and becomes closer to Allah (SWT), know that it is a test and it is beneficial for him.

The question arises as to how a person can prepare himself to withstand the tests of life? The answer is to establish stable foundations for himself, just as the good tree has deep roots to stabilize it. That foundation for a believer is sound and deep knowledge of the deen which he must constantly endeavor to pursue. Allah (SWT) says:

But those firmly grounded in knowledge among them and the believers believe in what has been revealed to you, [O Muhammad], and what was revealed before you. And the establishers of prayer [especially] and the givers of zakah and the believers in Allah and the Last Day - those We will give a great reward. (Nisa 4:162)

The above verse shows the excellence and importance of being firmly grounded in knowledge. It indicates that to protect a person’s eeman and help him stay firm in the trials and tribulations, which are inevitable, he must dig down to the depths of the deen, by constantly seeking knowledge of Islam. Realize that the pre-requisite of faith is knowledge, so it you feel spiritually weak, the remedy is to engage in seeking knowledge. In Islam, faith is not blind short-lived enthusiasm, rather knowledge leads to faith which leads to good works which leads to success in this world and the next.

The pursuit of knowledge must begin with the basics. The first type of knowledge that is essential is the knowledge of the Quran. That means that the Quran should not only be learnt to be read, but also its meaning should be understood. Its worldview must be known and implemented. This knowledge is just the basic. Next comes the knowledge of the Sunnah. After these two come other branches of Islamic knowledge like Fiqh, Aquida and Seerah.

It is inconceivable that the life of this world will not have problems. Allah (SWT) has promised us that He (SWT) will definitely test us. We should use the bounties and resources He (SWT) has bestowed us to prepare for those tests. The best preparation is to constantly keep learning the knowledge of the deen starting from the basics and endeavoring to go deep down. Only with deep knowledge we would be like the deep rooted tree which can withstand severe weather which is bound to come, sooner or later. A wise person will use the opportunities in life to prepare for bad times.

The Prophet (saw) advised to: Take benefit of five before five: Your youth before your old age, your health before your sickness, your wealth before your poverty, your free time before you are preoccupied, and your life before your death. (Al Hakim)

Wednesday, October 9, 2013

A Life Transformed

Perhaps the most influential factor in changing my life has been my association with the Quran. Growing up in the United Arab Emirates, the Quran was always there somewhere in the background of things. I learnt to read it with a Qari and read several azjaa of the Quran under his supervision, never to open it again until my university days in the United States. The summer before I left Abu Dhabi to the States, we visited Pakistan as was our annual ritual. In those days I used to turn to my maternal cousins in Pakistan for wisdom and guidance. So, during that trip, I confided with my cousin that I did not feel confident leaving home for the first time and that too to a non-Muslim country. The absence of any religious / Arabic instruction in my secular international school in Abu Dhabi had not prepared me for it. My cousin, in his wisdom, thought it proper to take me to the market to buy some Islamic books. One among these was Marmaduke Pickthall’s English translation of the meaning of the Holy Quran. It was worth Rs. 75 at the time. It turned out that Rs. 75 was the most profitable transaction that I ever made! I was 18 then.
 
In school, there was not one subject that was my favorite. I enjoyed and saw the intrinsic beauty in almost all subjects I studied. When the time came to choose a major, I just went with what was popular at that time, i.e. Electrical Engineering. I enjoyed it and did very well, finishing the program before time and graduating with honors, Alhamdulillah. Before retiring to bed, more often than not, I used to read at random from Marmaduke Pickthall. I did not understand much of it. There were no footnotes nor any tafseer, just verse by verse translation in literary English. It was not until the sophomore year when I went for summer school to Lansing, Michigan, that this translation started affecting me. In East Lansing Islamic Center, near the campus of Michigan State University, I heard an audio tape. I recognized that it was playing the same translation that I used to read at night in Pickthall’s own rendition, but what was different was the fact that it was interwoven by the very beautiful recitation of the corresponding Arabic by Qari Shakir Qasmi. I asked the brothers about it and they said that they can make a copy of the entire set for me for $50. That was another profitable transaction that I made! I was 20 then. The impact of the pure Arabic is indescribable, especially if you understand its literal meaning by the translation that followed every Arabic verse. When I returned to Buffalo, NY, my bed time routine was transformed to listening to the $50 tapes while following from the Rs. 75 book. This experience made me undergo deep emotions and tears used to flow uncontrollably as I listened to divine speech. Yet, I did not understand it. I did not understand the highly literary vocabulary and I was completely ignorant of its context. I distinctly remember in one of those snowy nights in Buffalo, I made a dua: “O Allah! I am convinced that this is the Truth from you due to the emotional impact it has made on me. Please make me capable of understanding the message you are conveying to me!”
 
I listened to those tapes during my graduate school and the four years of my professional life in the States. I listened to it constantly while my ears were free: while driving, doing chores, cooking, before dozing off, etc. It eventually colored my mind with the correct/natural/proper thought patterns in all aspects of life. Slowly, I felt I did not belong to any particular group and thus did not feel obliged to follow any social trends. Rather, the Quran enabled me to seek out guidance and comfort from universal principles. It gave me confidence to make decisions in life, even if they were contrary to popular opinion. Basically, the Quran gave me a conscience to act instinctively to what I felt was uniquely right for me. By listening to it constantly, it developed a natural magnetic field around me which attracts certain things in certain situations and repels others in others. By following its commands and shunning its prohibitions, I found this field grows in strength. In Islamic terminology, it is called eemaan – a force that can give undiminishing reserves of energy to very ordinary humans.
 
The context of the Quran came to me slowly, over the years. In graduate school, I read my first Seerah book – Martin Lings’ “The Life of Muhammad (SWAS)”. While working professionally, I have never stopped taking Islamic/Arabic courses online and onsite, still continue to do so and plan to continue till my last moments, insha Allah. What have specially helped me are courses in Aqeedah, Arabic, Tafseer, Seerah, Tazkiyya and Tajweed. My knowledge is still very much lacking in Fiqh and Hadeeth.  Although, I do not claim to understand all the Quran, but today I can understand its basic message and worldview in the intended manner without the use of translations and tafseer books, Alhamdulillah. I understand that it needs constant effort, which I continue to exert.   
 
I believe that all the uncountable blessings I enjoy today including eeman, stable family life, fulfilled career and professional accomplishments, wealth, peace, security, health, vision, skills, balance, wisdom, conscience, courage, love of learning, righteous company, etc. have been a gift from Allah (SWT) through my association with His speech. Some inexpensive transactions and decisions made in the early part of my life turned out to transform it to provide invaluable blessings of this life and the next (insha Allah). May Allah (SWT) give me enough tawfeeq to fulfill the trust of the Quran.  Ameen.

Thursday, October 3, 2013

Insights Into Inheritance

The law of inheritance in Islam is perhaps the most comprehensive in any religion. It is detailed in the Quran and explained further in the Sunnah. It is a branch of Islamic Jurisprudence that is considered most difficult to master. It is in part due to this science that the Muslims developed Algebra.

In Islam, all wealth belongs to Allah (SWT). It is distributed to different people in various portions to fulfill their needs, to test them and to use it to gain Allah’s pleasure. The wise person is one who uses it to his best advantage and applies it in ways such that it continues to benefit him even when he passes away from this Earth. The question arises as to what is the best use of wealth?

The Messenger of Allah (SWAS) said: “When a man dies, his deeds come to an end except for three things: sadaqah jariyah (perpetual charity); knowledge which is beneficial; or a virtuous descendant who prays for him (the deceased).” [Sahih Muslim]

The best strategy, in my opinion, would be to dedicate a portion of one’s wealth for Islamic education institutes / masajid and scholarships. In doing so you can combine the benefits of all three sources: the charity would be perpetual until the institutes/scholarships last; they would be disseminating Islamic beneficial knowledge and the students which your wealth would support would be like your progeny who pray for you after your death. You will get a share of their good works written to your account.

Unlike other cultures, Islam does not allow you to put all your wealth in one specific project. You are only allowed to spend up to one-third in charities of your choice. The rest must be distributed according to Islamic inheritance laws.

Narrated Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas: I was stricken by an ailment that led me to the verge of death. The Prophet came to pay me a visit. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! I have much property and no heir except my single daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my property in charity?" He said, "No." I said, "Half of it?" He said, "No." I said, "One-third of it?" He said, "You may do so, though one-third is also too much, for it is better for you to leave your off-spring wealthy than to leave them poor, asking others for help. And whatever you spend (for Allah's sake) you will be rewarded for it, even for a morsel of food which you may put in the mouth of your wife." I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Will I remain behind and fail to complete my emigration?" The Prophet said, "If you are left behind after me, whatever good deeds you will do for Allah's sake, that will upgrade you and raise you high. May be you will have long life so that some people may benefit by you and others (the enemies) be harmed by you." But Allah's Apostle felt sorry for Sa'd bin Khaula as he died in Mecca. [Sahih Bukhari]

The Quran says that man does not know what relative may bring him maximum benefit. Allah (SWT) alone knows and He (SWT) has appointed just shared for all the heirs.

Allah commands you as regards your children's (inheritance); to the male, a portion equal to that of two females; if (there are) only daughters, two or more, their share is two thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half. For parents, a sixth share of inheritance to each if the deceased left children; if no children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left brothers or (sisters), the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies he may have bequeathed or debts. You know not which of them, whether your parents or your children, are nearest to you in benefit, (these fixed shares) are ordained by Allah. And Allah is Ever All-Knower, All-Wise. (An-Nisa 4:11)

It is important to note that these shares are fixed. Even if you know that your heirs are billionaires and the amount you are leaving may be better used somewhere else, the distribution of your estate has to be done according to the shares outlined in Islamic inheritance law.

Another set of common mistakes take place with respect to the shares of women in the family. Either they are deprived of the Islamic shares or they are given shares equal to men in the family. Both practices are against Islam. Women have their share of inheritance which in general is half that of the male relatives. Considering the fact that in Islamic societies, women do not have to spend on themselves or their families, there is wisdom in ordaining this portion. On the other hand, it does not mean that women do not inherit at all. Thus their portions must be legally given to them.

A lot of well-intentioned Muslims, in an attempt not to offend the heirs, avoid writing a Will in their lifetime. This is a grave mistake. Every Muslim should be ready for death and should take all steps necessary to ensure that his heirs carry out his instructions according to his wish while adhering to Islamic laws. Doing so also removes misunderstandings or potential causes of conflict among the heirs.

PS: If you need a draft of an Islamic Will or if you need to know which lawyers in UAE prepare Islamic Wills based on your needs, do not hesitate to get in touch with me.

Saturday, September 28, 2013

A Blessed Marriage

In Bayhaqi, the Prophet (SWAS) is reported to have characterized the most blessed of marriages. He (SWAS) said: "The most blessed marriage (nikah) is the least expensive one"

These days marriages are a string multiple day ceremonies in which huge sums are routinely spent. Not doing so, most likely results in the family becoming a social outcast. The people involved spend months in elaborate preparations in terms of designer dresses, jewelry, hotel arrangements, lighting, music, hosting out of town guests, invitation cards, honeymoon trips, videos, photo sessions, wedding cake, catering food & sweets, entertainment, car rentals, dowry, etc, etc, etc. Everything just has to be fairy tale perfect. Most young people's wedding dreams are made by the popular media and the lives of the stars of Hollywood and Bollywood whose affairs they so religiously follow. They argue that wedding happens once in a lifetime and so no expense is too great in celebrating it.

The blessed lives of the Sahaba and Sahabiyaat were not like this. Marriages took place as normal everyday mundane events. They got married during their travels, while in wars, while giving dawah, after the death of a spouse, etc. Their marriages were not discontinuities in their everyday lives as they are today. Neither were marriages once in a lifetime affairs. Men and women married multiple times in their lives as living alone was frowned upon even for elder people. Most of the Prophet's (SWAS) wives other than Ayesha (RA) were not that young and had married before.

Marriage is a contract in which two individuals publicly agree to have marital relations. By doing so they participate in becoming the foundations of a society, a nation and a civilization. This is the only legal way for them to enjoy each other's company. By keeping marriages simple, young people can easily get married and not fall into haraam which is so easy these days. It allows all strata of society to get married, not just the rich. People who are not so well off do not have to borrow on interest and live a lifetime of economic slavery. A point to note about the Prophet's (SWAS) advise was that it applies to the poor as well as the rich. By refraining from excessive spending, the rich can set a standard which all segments of the population can easily follow.

In Islam, marriage is celebrated after the nikkah in a party called a Walimah -- which in Arabic literally means an invitation to eat. This is obligatory and the guests MUST include poor relatives, friends and acquaintences. The groom arranges the Walimah in his capacity after consumation of the marriage. There is no fixed date for the Walimah. It can be the next day, the next month, the next year, etc.

In 2004, when I first met my wife's family and saw her in their presence in Karachi. We took 2 days to decide to get married. The nikkah was arranged in the next couple of days in an empty nearby plot in a simple ceremony.There was a lecture about marriage in Islam. We signed the marriage contract. I paid Rs. 51,000 /AED 2000/$600 mehr to my wife. I had around 10 guests. The rest were my wife's family's guests. There was a simple dinner. When my wife's residence visa for UAE was arranged, she travelled with her sister's family to Abu Dhabi. After about a month or two we had a Walimah in 4 star hotel halls (separate for men and women) next to my flat. Among the guests were my family, friends, my family's friends, relatives, work colleagues but also present were our servant, watchman and office boys. It was a simple dinner. Two days later we went on our honeymoon to Makkah to perform Umrah. We prayed for a blessed foundation to our married lives. My parents did not pay anything for the marriage, neither did I take a loan. Alhamdulillah, that was our marriage and I have no doubt that, as the Prophet (SWAS) said, it has been blessed, because it was done with pure intentions on both sides without any fanfare.

Wednesday, September 25, 2013

Fuztu wa Rabbil Kaaba

If you asked the tortoise how he beat the rabbit in the race they had in the famous fable, he would tell you that he always kept his eyes on his goal and kept working at it. In contrast, the rabbit got distracted. In many ways, life is like that race as well. There are certain goals that need to be achieved by a certain time frame. The most successful people are not those that are the most skillful, but rather those who adamantly pursue their targets and are not distracted along the way. There are many capable and talented individuals who chose to procrastinate and end up becoming losers in life.

The first thing one must realize is what are those goals that one should strive for? Indeed this is the most important of matters. A person must undergo a process of self-realization at some stage in his/her life. The Monarch butterfly migrates each fall from North America to Central America in a journey of over 2,500 miles one way. It hibernates the winter there and returns in the spring. What is most remarkable is that the generation that makes the first trip has died off when the second generation makes the second trip back, yet generation after generation follow the same flight path and hibernate on the very same trees. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly#Migration for details. What is most perplexing is how the next generation learns about the detailed mission of its life. As believers we know that Allah (SWT) has simply inspired them to it. It is their instinct to follow a divine plan. Unfortunately, man is the only creation that have been given a free will/independent reasoning and not been left to instinct and therein lies our real test! This is what is referred to as the “trust” in the following verse:

Verily, We did offer the trust [of reason and volition] to the heavens, and the earth, and the mountains: but they refused to bear it because they were afraid of it. Yet man took it up - for, verily, he has always been prone to be most wicked, most foolish. (Al Ahzab 33:72).

Each one of us as humans has our own tailored plan that we must discover/reason for ourselves. The earlier this happens, the better. Some undergo self-discovery in their teenage, other in their 20s or 30s. Yet others may have a mid-life crises. A lot of people choose to think about deeper concepts in life only after their retirement. Yet some stumble throughout life without finding answers to basic questions of existence. See “The Enigma of Identity” for details (http://oak-gis.blogspot.ae/2013/09/the-enigma-of-identity.html . Once one knows himself, he/she can better understand the world around him and his/her mission in it. What is interesting that the souls of each one of us have already been etched by the Truth even before our creation! All we need to do is some self-reflection in the correct context to get rid of the veils of delusion that surround us.

And [mention] when your Lord took from the children of Adam - from their loins - their descendants and made them testify of themselves, [saying to them], "Am I not your Lord?" They said, "Yes, we have testified." [This] - lest you should say on the day of Resurrection, "Indeed, we were of this unaware." (Al Araaf 7:172)

Unfortunately, most of us choose to spend a life of self-delusion or procrastination – heedless of our mission like our rabbit that one day they will catch up with our true purpose. It is the promise of Satan to keep humanity is that state.

[Satan] said, "Because You have put me in error, I will surely sit in wait for them on Your straight path. Then I will come to them from before them and from behind them and on their right and on their left, and You will not find most of them grateful [to You]." (Al Araaf 7:16-17)

Ask a terminally ill patient, what they could have done when they were healthy. The only difference between us and him is that he has been forced to focus on the End, whereas we are still distracted with our delusions. A wise person is one who realizes that despite his health he is also terminally “ill” as death sits awaiting everyone as we come closer to it day by day. The sooner we begin living with our End in mind, the sooner we will start prioritizing what is really important and start achieving.

There was a Sahabi of the Prophet (SWAS) who on being attacked and killed by the enemies cried out “Fuztu bi Rabbil Kaaba!” (“I have won by the Lord of the Kaaba!”) The enemies were perplexed as how he had won upon facing his death. It is not difficult to understand if we consider it in context of the tortoise’s victory. He had lived with an eye on the End, struggled for it in his lifetime and when he finally reached it he could visualize it. Hence he cried out in joy! How many of us can seriously follow his example?

Perhaps the best aide to keep an eye on the End is the Quran. They say that you can achieve your goals if you can visualize them. The Quran opens up new vistas of the unseen and afterlife in a language and style that makes one visualizes/experience it in this life with little effort. In fact it constantly keeps us on track as we hear it in congregational prayers and read it with understanding. This is why understanding it in Arabic is so important. Without it one cannot visualize its verses “in full color” which is lost in translations. It constantly reinforces its paradigm of Reality, coloring our hearts and minds with the inspiration that come automatically to Mornarch butterflies and all other Creation.

If you have not had the opportunity to discover yourself yet, I invite you to begin the process. Learn about yourself and the context of your existence. You have not been left to blindly wander in life or follow the whims from Satan. Find out your goals and focus on them, keeping an eye on the End. Fortunately, the last preserved message to mankind is with us. Try to understand it and do some self-reflection in its context. Study the Quran formally in courses and be inspired! May we all feel the excitement of reaching the finishing line with satisfaction like the Sahabi who cried out “Fuztu bi Rabbil Kaaba!"

Monday, September 9, 2013

Parallel Paradigms

Have you ever seen a 3D movie? You can visualize the same scene with or without the glasses but only one depicts the extra virtual depth dimension that seems missing from plain 2D. Experiencing the reality of this world can be sensed the same way. You can either look at the apparent, outward and material aspects of this world; or you can try to put on glasses that allow you to holistically sense extra dimensions of its reality. This is the difference between the materialistic worldview and Islamic worldview. The two are diametrically opposite ways of sensing. They are two parallel paradigms of reality!

The materialistic worldview removes God from the grand narrative of reality of this world. It states that the world, its characteristics, mankind with all his capabilities and adaptations, etc. came about by a chain of probabilistic events. The highly improbable likelihood of everything happening by chance does not deter the proponents of this worldview. They vehemently deny any grand purpose. As opposed to this the Islamic paradigm is God-centric. It provides a purpose of the creation of the Universe, this world, mankind and his position in it. It points to continuation of the human experience in afterlife which will be based on actions of this life. In its philosophy, there is a struggle between Good and Evil and it promises the eventual victory for the Good.

Islamic worldview is enhanced by a continual study of its sources and its implementation in our lives. A viewer of a 3D movie would only be confused if he puts on glasses with one glass missing. Likewise it seems ridiculous to put the glass of materialism on the right eye on Islam on the left. I assure you, by doing so you will not enjoy the movie (narrative) from neither perspective and will waste your theater ticket and time. Yet this is what most Muslims are attempting to do!
 
Have you seen the optical illusion that shows an image of a young woman and an old woman in the same illustration? (If not see https://www.google.ae/search?q=old+woman+young+woman+optical+illusion&rlz=1T4ADRA_enAE439AE439&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=T3YtUvPiKpSk0AWS0IGYDg&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=795) Based on your initial perspective you can see either and eventually both. In many ways this life is a series of such illustrations. Based on the type of glasses you are wearing you will see a certain image, which might be diametrically opposite of the image you see if you were wearing the other set of glasses. In many ways our perspective is colored by our intentions. We go along life making decisions based on what we sense and in the end we would be accountable for all our decisions. At that point we will see all our optical illusions for what they really were. Outward religious practices like the 5 pillars, keeping good company and studying the Quran with comprehension are supposed to help you be inspired to keep making the right decisions and keep you on the right track (Siraat al Mustaqeem).

It is important to emphasize that the same way a 3D view does not eliminate any benefit from 2D, the same way the Islamic paradigm does not belittle any materialistic detail that may be good for us. Thus in trying to achieve the Islamic goals you will accomplish those materialistic goals that may be good for you anyway, whereas they opposite may not be true.

To be true to Islamic practice, it may be useless to try to just cling on the apparent forms of worship of our religion in the face of a global materialistic onslaught. We cannot force our children to do the same either. What is needed is for us to taste and keep enhancing our Islamic spiritual experiences by truly studying Islam from its sources and attempting to implement it in our lives. Only then can we be hopeful to be always inspired to the Truth.

Sunday, September 1, 2013

Concerning Canada

I just returned from a 3 week trip to Canada. I visited Toronto and Calgary for 10 days each. I have visited Canada regularly in the 1990s while I was living in the US. Having lived in US, Pakistan and the Middle East for extended periods, I may qualify in trying to analyze what Canada offers that other places do not as well as the possible dangers of Canadian society to a practicing Muslim family. If you have read my blogs you know that in general I prefer that a Muslim should live in a Muslim country, e.g. see "The Pearl of Life" (http://oak-gis.blogspot.ae/2012/05/pearl-of-life.html) and "Advantages of the Emirates" (http://oak-gis.blogspot.com/2013/06/advantages-of-emirates.html). Nevertheless every individual and family situation is different and needs a specific solution that is right for them.

In many ways Canada is a colder version of US. It is a secular democracy. It is a capitalist free market economy. It values hard work, ingenuity, personal development, individuality, etc. It was founded by European settlers in North America after mercilessly killing the natives and rounding those who remained in reservations. Its population which is very small compared to its landmass, is growing old and thus the government has been injecting fresh young blood through immigration which has now become quite selective. Unlike the US, its Head of State is still the Queen of England; it has free basic health for all; better government benefits for the underprivileged; greater concern for cultural diversity; less crime; less run down inner cities and more general tolerance for practicing Muslims and their religion. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that as long as the Muslims keep their religion as a cultural vistage from their homeland they are welcome which is often acceptable to many. Thus if you want to eat halal and have Friday prayers in the public school it is acceptable, but it remains to be seen how the establihment will react once Muslims start challenging "Canadian values" by implementing Islam in areas where it really matters, e.g. mainstream politics and economy. Personally, I believe they will not be welcome to touch these areas.

It is often observed that Islamic practice in Western countries only survives for two generations at most. By the third generation, Muslims have been observed to lose their faith to mainstream secularism. The exception being, if the family moves back to a Muslim country or if a generation is kept virtually isolated in a Darul Uloom in the West. Having said that, I have also witnessed the phenomenon of Muslims losing their faith in one generation and reverting back in the next! Canada is no exception. For a practicing Muslim, such a society is a battleground for the hearts and minds. Its population is open minded and listens to reason and truth. Hence there is ample ground for dawah for those who have the skills and knowledge to do so without the mainstream ideology affecting them and their children. It is futile to force children to go through the motions of forced salaat or to rote learn some Arabic verses from the Quran. Islam must make sense to them! And before them to their parents! 1n 1999, I decided to leave the US because I sensed that my secular education had ill prepared me to save my deen in an ocean of kufr. Indeed many individuals and families will benefit from leaving.

For someone who has studied Islam, Western civilization, globalization and is fluent in English/French, the opportunities for dawah are abundant. There is freedom to practice religion in the guise of protecting cultural/religious diversity that the Canadian society values. Nevertheless, care is needed to safeguard and constantly grow eemaan in oneself and in one's family while you are there. This can be achieved by living next to the masjid and involving the whole family in its educational and propagation activities; preferring Islamic values to Canadian values; arranging quality Islamic education for oneself and one's children (preferably in a good Islamic / home school) and praying all the daily prayers in congregation at the masjid. Scholars permit such people to live in the West, on the condition that dawah is their primary goal.

Overall, I have found Canadians to be tolerant, friendly, emphatic, straight forward and helpful. This is more true in Western parts of the country than the urban centers in the East which are more impersonal. Unlike the Middle East, the opportunities to run your own business are great. There is little red tape and you operate on an equal footing. The economy of Calgary is booming with lots of employment and business opportunities, especially in oil and gas.

For those seeking advise to settle in Canada, I would say that it depends on your situation. You are the best judge for yourself. The most apparent dangers are to your faith due to the overwhelming godless nature of the mainstream society. But those who have prepared themselves for dawah in the West it might be a source of ajer if they take precautions and keep their intentions sincere.
 

Wednesday, August 28, 2013

A Perspective on Personalities

Every individual is born with a unique set of characteristics which get embellished with life experiences. At about age 40 they tend become stable and crystallize in a personality. Carl Jung, a psychologist, attempted to classify personalities based on various factors. Myers and Briggs later systematized these factors in personality types tests which are based on four dichotomies.
1. Extrovert / Introvert
2. Sensing / Intuition
3. Thinking / Feeling
4. Judging / Perception
A person tends to prefer one out of two dichotomies in the above four factors, resulting in 16 personality types. You can test your personality type by taking this test: http://humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp

These types tell a lot about the person, his strengths, weaknesses, preferences, etc. This information can be helpful to people in the choice of their profession or a life partner. You can read more about these personality types here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator

HR people not only encourage staff to build upon their strengths but also work on their weaknesses. The ideal person would be someone who excelled in all four dichotomies in the best possible manner. If we study the Seerah we will discover the Prophet (SWAS) as one such individual. He was an extrovert who found his eeman increase in mixing his affairs with others; yet he enjoyed long nights standing alone in tahajjud in conversation with his Lord. He made decisions after trying to gather all facts (Sensing), yet when forced to he was good in making decisions based on divine inspiration (Intuition). He had excellent abilities to think about situations by being aloof from it (Thinking); yet he as the most empathic person who ever walked the face of this Earth (Feeling). Similarly he was equally adept at judging and perceiving. So we see that HR people have it right. Whatever natural inclinations in personality we are born with, we should develop them well; while striving to develop other skills in trying to reach the Prophetic ideal. Thinking of it this way, implementing the Sunnah and studying the Seerah hold special value for humanity. It is the only way for them to try to attain the status of al insaan al kamil.

The Sahaba (RA) were doing the same with a live example living in front of them. No wonder the Prophet stated: "My Companions are like stars. Whichever of them you use as a guide, you will be rightly guided." There is a great need to research the life of the Sahaba (RA) and try to categories each of them in the above personality types. Then we can take those as role models who are the same personality type as us, making it easier for us to be rightly guided according to Prophetic advice.